All these factors explain the different and often irrational big deals made between publishers and subscribers, with university libraries subscribing to a publisher’s entire set or large bundle of journals regardless of their specific needs [41]. We looked at the mergers and acquisitions history of major publishers, based on their number of papers published, in order to identify and associate the companies that came to be under their control, and conversely the companies which they eventually sold.

Moreover, these disciplines make a much more important use of books [9] and generally rely on local journals [29], all of which are factors that make it much less interesting for big publishers to buy journals or found new ones in the arts and humanities. Um nichts zu verpassen abonniert hier kostenlos den BEST TREND VIDEOS–Channel ►► http://youtube.com/BesttrendvideosNote | #Unterhaltung , #Comedy , #ArafatAlves , #Neuheiten , #Deutschland , #Österreich , #Schweiz , #LustigeVideos , #BestTrendVideos

For example, Reed-Elsevier bought Pergamon Press in 1991 but, in the WoS, journals remain associated with Pergamon Press until the year 2000. École de bibliothéconomie et des sciences de l’information, Université de Montréal, C.P. Yes Data from the mid-1990s by Tenopir and King [12] suggests an increase of commercial publishers’ share of the output; by then, commercial publishers accounted for 40% of the journal output, while scientific/professional societies accounted for 25% and university presses and educational publishers for 16%.

Specifically, in 2013, Elsevier accounts for 16.4% of all SSH papers (4.4 fold increase since 1990), Taylor & Francis for 12.4% (16 fold increase), Wiley-Blackwell for 12.1% (3.8 fold increase), Springer for 7.1% (21.3 fold increase), and Sage Publications for 6.4% (4 fold increase). In other words, access to paper A does not replace access to paper B, both papers being complementary to each other.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0127502.g001.

On the whole, the central importance of scientific societies in physics, the presence of arXiv, the central preprint server of physics, astrophysics and mathematics, as well as Open Access agreements such as SCOAP3 (http://scoap3.org/), are likely to make the field less profitable and thus less interesting for commercial publishers.

Citation: Larivière V, Haustein S, Mongeon P (2015) The Oligopoly of Academic Publishers in the Digital Era. In this general context, the negative effect of various bibliometric indicators in the evaluation of individual researchers cannot be understated. Historical merger and acquisition data up to 2006 was found in the report by Munroe [27].

On the other hand, papers in arts and humanities are still largely dispersed amongst many smaller publishers, with the top five commercial publishers only accounting for 20% of humanities papers and 10% of arts papers in 2013, despite a small increase since the second half of the 1990s.
The increase in the top publishers’ share of scientific output has two main causes: 1) the creation of new journals and 2) existing journals being acquired by these publishers. Combined, the top five most prolific publishers account for more than 50% of all papers published in 2013. About OK Trucks Our vehicles undergo a series of checks and inspections. Hence, each time an issue was printed, sent and sold, another copy had to be printed to be sent and sold. here. For instance, while the top 5 publishers account for 53% (NMS) and 51% (SSH) of papers, their proportion of journals is of 53% (NMS) and 54% (SSH), and of 55% (NMS) and 54% (SSH) when it comes to citations received. On the publisher’s side, average first-copy costs of journal papers are estimated to range between 20 and 40 US dollars per page, depending on rejection rates [37]; [17], which neither explains open access publication fees as high as 5,000 $US (e.g., Cell Reports by Elsevier) nor hybrid journals, where publishers charge twice per article, i.e. However, restrictions apply to the availability of the bibliometric data, which is used under license from Thomson Reuters. We would like to thank Sam Work for proofreading and editing the manuscript, as well as the two referees, for comments and suggestions. 6128, Succ. […] However, over the past fifty years, as federal research funding has encouraged specialization, journal publishing has become commercialized, and some parts of the scientific and technical literature are now being monopolized by multinational publishing conglomerates.” (p. 89).
In the same period Reed-Elsevier acquired a few small publishers like Butterworth-Heinemann, Ablex Publications, JAI press, Gauthier-Villars and Expansion Scientifique Française. The paper also examines the migration of journals between small and big publishing houses and explores the effect of publisher change on citation impact. On the whole, our results show that the top commercial publishers have benefited from the digital era, as it led to a dramatic increase in the share of scientific literature they published. More specifically, for NMS, those that have changed from small to big publishers increased their impact slightly following the change. Variable costs of academic journals are paid by the publisher and, as long as journals were printed and distributed physically, these costs were sizeable.

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