• Leavell, B.S., “Thomas Jefferson and Smallpox Vaccination,” Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association, Vol. Wang, Z. T., Du, Q., Xu, G. J., Wang, R. J., Fu, D. Z., and Ng, T. B. Two types of HPV vaccines have been developed, including a bivalent HPV vaccine, made using VLPs of HPV types 16 and 18, and a tetravalent vaccine, made with VLPs of HPV types 6, 11, 16, and 18. A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious disease [1]. Director Center for Biologics, Evaluation and Research Food and Drug Administration U.S. Department of Health and Human Services on US Influenza Vaccine Supply and Preparations for the Upcoming Influenza Season before Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations Committee on Energy and Commerce United States House of Representatives", "Human vaccine research in the European Union", "Key issues for estimating the impact and cost-effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccination strategies", "Vaccine supply, demand, and policy: a primer", "Emerging manufacturers engagements in the COVID −19 vaccine research, development and supply", "Drugmakers race to scale up vaccine capacity", "India produces 60 percent of world's vaccines", "Needle-free polio vaccine a 'game-changer, "Australian scientists develop 'needle-free' vaccination", "Vaxxas raises $25m to take Brisbane's Nanopatch global", "Needle-free nanopatch vaccine delivery system", "Immunoprophylaxis against important virus disease of horses, farm animals and birds", "Human illness associated with use of veterinary vaccines", "Differentiation of serum antibodies from pigs vaccinated or infected with Aujeszky's disease virus by a competitive enzyme immunoassay", "Glycoprotein E1 of hog cholera virus expressed in insect cells protects swine from hog cholera", "Salmonella Typhimurium LPS mutations for use in vaccines allowing differentiation of infected and vaccinated pigs", Science and Civilization in China: Volume 6, Biology and Biological Technology, Part 6, Medicine, "The history of vaccines and immunization: familiar patterns, unew challenges", "Dr Edward Jenner (1749-1823) of Berkeley, and vaccination against smallpox", "Development of Smallpox Vaccine in England in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries", "Proteomics of Neisseria gonorrhoeae: the treasure hunt for countermeasures against an old disease", "The U.S. government has begun testing its first Zika vaccine in humans", "DNA Immunization for HIV Vaccine Development", "Adults now drive growth of vaccine market", "The Xs and Y of immune responses to viral vaccines", "Trends affecting the future of vaccine development and delivery: the role of demographics, regulatory science, the anti-vaccine movement, and vaccinomics", "Expression of a ScFv–E2T fusion protein in CHO-K1 cells and alfalfa transgenic plants for the selective directioning to antigen presenting cells", Modern Vaccine and Adjuvant Production and Characterization, WHO Vaccine preventable diseases and immunization, World Health Organization position papers on vaccines, University of Oxford Vaccinology Programme: a series of short courses in vaccinology, Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vaccine&oldid=980240647, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2020, All articles with vague or ambiguous time, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from June 2018, All Wikipedia articles in need of updating, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, the disease itself (for some diseases vaccination performs better than for others), the strain of vaccine (some vaccines are specific to, or at least most effective against, particular strains of the disease). Boston, MA:Shambhala, 1995. The Oxford English Dictionary credits the French for coining the term vaccine in 1800 and vaccination in 1803 (although there are cognates in Italian, vaccine, Portuguese, vacina, and Spanish, vacuna). Manufacturing the vaccines in volume remains unsolved.

The mercury levels in the table, unless otherwise indicated, are taken from: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, Influenza vaccine § Flu vaccine for nonhumans, vaccines containing five or more components, Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, "Prophylactic vaccines are potent activators of monocyte-derived dendritic cells and drive effective anti-tumor responses in melanoma patients at the cost of toxicity", "Development and implementation of papillomavirus prophylactic vaccines", "Varicella zoster virus vaccines: effective, but concerns linger", "The science is clear: Vaccines are safe, effective, and do not cause autism", "The complicated task of monitoring vaccine safety", "Primary vaccine failure to routine vaccines: Why and what to do? Because they contain a small amount of the weakened live virus, some people should talk to their healt… In the late 18th century, while making his rounds, Jenner made a stunning observation: Milkmaids infected with cowpox, which manifested itself as a series of pustules on the hands and forearms, were immune to the smallpox epidemics that regularly attacked the residents of his parish. Four years later he developed a protective suspension against rabies. This approach is used in the Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine. [119] Live, attenuated vaccines, such as smallpox and polio vaccines, are able to induce killer T-cell (TC or CTL) responses, helper T-cell (TH) responses and antibody immunity. The first DIVA vaccines (formerly termed marker vaccines and since 1999 coined as DIVA vaccines) and companion diagnostic tests have been developed by

They found that some existing vaccines against pseudorabies (also termed Aujeszky's disease) had deletions in their viral genome (among which was the gE gene). This article is part of the Coronavirus spotlight. The vaccine was recommended routinely for children at 24 months of age and for children at 15 months of age enrolled in child care facilities. The basic strategies behind the use of vaccines to prepare the human immune system to deal with harmful pathogens.